Ha muerto a los 100 años Claude Levi-Strauss, uno de los pensadores más influyentes del siglo XX y en la prácica fundador de la etnología. No soy un especialista del tema, pero leyendo unas declaraciones suyas al diario Le Monde en 1979, he encontrado ecos interesantes de los temas que trataba en mi post anterior, comentando el libro de Reyes Mate, "La herencia del olvido". Ahí escribí: "Personalmente, siempre he estado convencido de que hay un hilo conductor que lleva del racionalismo de la Ilustración hasta los campos de exterminio".
He aquí las palabras de Levi-Strauss, que traduzco personalmente (pido perdón por la calidad del texto, nuca he sido demasiado paciente para la traducción):
"Se me ha acusado con frecuencia de ser antihumanista. No creo que sea cierto. Sí que me he rebelado contra algo que veo como profundamente nocivo: esa especie de humanismo desvergonzado, surgido por un lado de la tradición judeocristiana y, por el otro, del Renacimiento y del Cartesianismo, que convierte al hombre en dueño y señor absoluto de la creación.
"Tengo la sensación de que todas las tragedias que hemos vivido, en primer lugar con el colonialismo, luego con el fascismo y finalmente con los campos de exterminio, se inscriben, no en una lógica de oposición o de contradicción con ese supuesto humanismo que llevamos varios siglos practicando, sino que son, diría yo, su prolongación natural. Puesto que, de alguna manera, en un único impulso, el hombre ha empezado por trazar la frontera de sus derechos entre él y las otras especies vivas, y se ha visto luego empujado a traer esa frontera al interior de la especie humana, separando a categorias que se reconocen como las únicas que son verdaderamente humanas, de otras categorias, que sufren de este modo la misma degradación que había servido para discriminar entre especies vivas humanas y no humanas. Se trata de una auténtico pecado original que empuja a la humanidad hacia la autodestrucción.
"El respeto del hombre por el hombre no puede fundamentarse en ciertas cualidades particulares que la humanidad se atribuye a sí misma como propias y no compartidas, puesto que una fracción de la humanidad podrá siempre decidir que encarna esas cualidades de un modo más eminente que otras. Se debería más bien establecer como punto de partida una especie de humildad de principio; el hombre, partiendo del respeto de todas las formas de vida además de la suya se protegería del riesgo de no respetar todas las formas de vida dentro de la propia humanidad".
Sin embargo, lo curioso de la aportación del legado de Levi-Strauss al debate entre universalismo humanista y relativismo instercultural, es que este etnólogo, este hombre que estudiaba las culturas tribales amazónicas ya en los años treinta, cuando Europa se sumergía en la barbarie racista, la misma lógica que le excluiría por judio de Francia y le obligaría a emigrar a Estados Unidos y que veía en esas culturas indígenas algo parecido a la tendencia de los perros a mear para marcar territorio, lo curioso de su legado -decía- es que no da el más mínimo argumento al relativismo. Levi-Strauss, inspirándose del estructuralismo lingüístico, se esforzó en encontrar en las culturas autóctonas que estudió elementos comunes con la nuestra, algo así como un código elemental común a todas las culturas humanas, un común denominador más allá de las diferencias evidentes.
Piensen lo que piensen los etnólogos de hoy del esfuerzo titánico de este maestro por encontrar esa gramática de la civilización humana, creo que hay en esa tarea algo infinitamente más humanista que en la de negar a otros pueblos el derecho a su propia cultura en nombre del universalismo, que no es sino universalización de la cultura occidental.
Para terminar, no puedo resistirme a citar otra frase de Levi-Strauss que hace eco a algo que siempre he defendido, esta vez de 1991: "Les "sciences humaines" ne sont des sciences que par une flatteuse imposture", cuya traducción se me antoja difícil: "Las "ciencias humanas" no son ciencias más que por medio de un halago impostado" o "una halagadora impostura". En otras palabras, se llaman a sí mismas ciencias para creerse exactas. Yo mismo he sufrido, como investigador en ciernes, ese afán de exactitud científica en una ciencia tan poco científica como la geografía urbana. Creía entonces y sigo creyendo hoy que el afán científico de las materias humanistas sólo les puede hacer daño y alejarlas de su verdadero objetivo: entender al hombre, en toda su imperfección.
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